1. Collection ID Guide
2. Wire Recording

Wire Recording

This recorded audio format type consists of thin metal wire coated with magnetized particles that is typically wound around a plastic or metal spool.

Wire (1898 – early 1960s)

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Dates

1898 – early 1960s

Common Size(s)

Wire: up to 7200ft

Reels: 2 3/4" to 3 3/4" (diameter); 3/4" to 1 1/4" (thickness)

Description

Wire recording is a recorded sound format made of magnetized recording-grade steel or stainless steel wire. The wire is wound around a plastic or metal spool and can be virtually any length.

Composition

Magnetized steel or stainless steel wire wound around a plastic or metal spool

Deterioration

One of the most common issues with wire recordings is tangled wire. The wire is extremely thin (approximately .004 inches thick); it can easily wrap around itself, become tangled, and possibly break. This problem is an annoyance but can be relatively simple to resolve—the wire just needs to be untangled and rewound onto the reel. Breaks in the wire can be repaired by knotting the two ends of the wire together. Since wire travels at a high transport speed, the knot will be a minor sonic disturbance during playback.

Although the wire is generally composed of recording-grade stainless steel, some recordings prior to World War II were made on steel wire, which is prone to rust. While occurrences of rust are typically rare, they can impede signal retrieval or weaken the already thin wire and cause the wire to break during handling or playback.

Signal print-through can also be an issue. Print-through occurs when the magnetized signal from one section of the wire migrates to lower sections and leaves a sonic imprint. Print-through is often identifiable when a faint pre- or post-echo is heard during playback. Storing the wire in a tails-out manner (i.e. with the end of the wire on the outermost layer of the spool) can aid in minimizing some of the sonic disturbance. Storing the wire tails-out minimizes pre-echo, which is often more annoying than post-echo. Storing the wire tails-out, however, does not prevent print-through from occurring.

Risk Level

Wire recording media and equipment are long obsolete. Based on the content, it should be considered a high priority for reformatting.

Playback

Wire can tangle and break, especially during playback. It is thin and, depending upon the material, can be susceptible to rust. Any surface abrasion or contaminant can wear down the playback heads on a wire recording. Additionally, playback equipment is difficult to find. Preservation playback and reformatting may be handled best by a vendor who has experience with handling this format.

Background

Wire recording was the first magnetic media recording technology. It was developed by Vlademar Poulsen in 1898 and was in popular use until the late 1940s, when magnetic tape emerged as the choice home and dictation recording medium. However, wire continued to be used as a home recording and dictation format in military, commercial, and office environments as late as the early 1960s.

Storage Environment

Allowable Fluctuation: ±2°F; ±5% RH

	Ideal	Acceptable
Temp.	40–54°F (4.5–12°C)	33–44°F (0–6.5°C)
RH	30–50% RH

Storage Enclosure(s)

Remove the wire recordings from their original cardboard containers, which are subject to mold infestation and do not protect the recordings from moisture. Storing the recordings in a protective plastic container or archival quality paperboard enclosure is recommended.

Storage Orientation

Secure the wire around the reel so that it does not become loose and tangle. Either unrecorded stainless steel wire or plastic can be used as leader. Although storing wires in the "tails out" position lessens the effects of print-through, this may not be practical due to the scarcity of wire recording equipment and the risk involved in mounting the wire on the playback equipment. Wood cabinets should be avoided. Enameled steel, stainless steel, or anodized aluminum are preferred.

Handling and Care

Keep magnetic media away from stray electromagnetic fields and avoid devices with a motor or transformer, both of which generate an alternating magnetic field. Never leave media in a playback machine; always return to storage enclosure when not in use.

Resources

• For additional resources, see Audiovisual (General) and Recorded Sound.